Yeast - The Beer Thrillers

How Much Sugar Is in IPA Beer? A Full Comparison with Other Beer Types

B. Kline — Sat, 12 Oct 2024 03:15:29 +0000

How Much Sugar Is in IPA Beer? A Full Comparison with Other Beer Types

Ever wondered how much sugar is in your favorite IPA compared to other beers? Whether you’re keeping an eye on your carb intake or just curious about what makes each beer unique, understanding sugar content can shed light on the flavors and characteristics of your brew. In this article, we’ll break down the sugar content in IPA beers and compare it with regular, light, and non-alcoholic beers.

Overlook Hazy IPA by New Trail Brewing (photo courtesy of New Trail Brewing Company’s Instagram account)

Following up on our article yesterday – How Much Sugar is in an IPA? A Deep Dive into the Sugar Content of India Pale Ales – today we present our next article in that series: How Much Sugar Is in IPA Beer? A Full Comparison with Other Beer Types. This article will take a much deeper dive into how much sugar is in IPAs vs other beers, specifically light beers and light lagers that most people are used to (Coors Lite, Miller Lite, Budweiser, Bud Lite, etc.). Enjoy!

Key Takeaways: Comparing Sugar Levels in Beer

IPA beers typically contain less than 1 gram of residual sugar per 12-ounce serving due to an extensive fermentation process.
Regular and light beers usually range from 1-6 grams of sugar per 12 ounces, with light beers generally being lower in sugar.
Non-alcoholic beers can contain significantly more sugar—often between 10-15 grams per 12-ounce serving—due to minimal fermentation.

What Contributes to Sugar in Beer?

Beer starts with fermentable sugars from malted grains like barley and wheat. These sugars are broken down during the brewing process and consumed by yeast, which converts them into alcohol and carbon dioxide. However, not all sugars are fermented, leaving behind residual sugars that affect the beer’s sweetness and mouthfeel.

Understanding the sugar content in beer is crucial because it influences both the flavor and alcohol content. More sugar typically means a fuller-bodied beer with higher alcohol content, while less sugar results in a drier, crisper finish.

Sugar Content in IPA Beer: Why It’s Low

A bowl of sugar

IPAs (India Pale Ales) are known for their hop-forward flavors and low sugar content. During brewing, malted barley provides fermentable sugars, while hops add bitterness and aroma. The brewing process converts most sugars into alcohol, leaving less than 1 gram of residual sugar per 12-ounce serving in typical IPAs.

To carbonate IPA beers, brewers either add a small amount of priming sugar before bottling or use force carbonation in cans. In both cases, the extra sugar is minimal and doesn’t significantly impact the beer’s sugar content.

How Different IPA Styles Compare in Sugar Content

IPAs come in several variations, each with different sugar levels:

Regular IPAs: Known for their moderate alcohol content and balanced flavors, regular IPAs generally have less than 1 gram of residual sugar per 12-ounce serving.
Double IPAs (DIPAs): These boast higher alcohol content and start with more fermentable sugars. While most sugars are converted during fermentation, double IPAs often have slightly higher residual sugar levels, ranging from 2-3 grams per serving.
Session IPAs: With lower alcohol content, session IPAs typically have very low sugar content (less than 1 gram per serving), offering a lighter, crisper drinking experience.

IPA vs. Other Beers: How Do They Compare?

IPA vs. Regular Beer

Regular beers tend to have a more balanced malt and hop profile, often leaving 2-6 grams of residual sugar per 12-ounce serving, depending on the style. In contrast, IPAs ferment more sugars, resulting in less than 1 gram of sugar per serving. This makes IPAs a slightly better choice for those watching their sugar intake.

IPA vs. Light Beer

Light beers are brewed to be lower in calories and sugars, often containing less than 1 gram of sugar per 12-ounce serving. They achieve this through the use of adjuncts like rice or corn, which provide fermentable sugars without leaving much residual sugar behind.

While light beers may have a similar sugar profile to IPAs, IPAs generally offer more robust flavors due to their higher hop content and more complex malt base.

IPA vs. Non-Alcoholic Beer

Non-alcoholic beers contain significantly more sugar than IPAs, with levels often ranging between 10-15 grams per 12-ounce serving. Because non-alcoholic beers undergo minimal fermentation, fewer sugars are converted into alcohol, leading to higher residual sugar content.

For those monitoring their sugar intake, non-alcoholic beers may not be the best choice, especially when compared to the relatively low sugar levels found in IPAs.

Why Some Commercial Beers Use Corn Syrup

Mass-produced beers from large global brands often use corn syrup as a fermentable sugar to lower costs and speed up brewing. While corn syrup can increase the sugar content, this practice is almost nonexistent in craft IPAs, which focus on traditional brewing methods using malted barley for sugar sources. As a result, craft IPAs tend to have more complex flavors and lower sugar content compared to commercial lagers that may rely on corn syrup.

The Relationship Between Sugar and Alcohol in Beer

There’s a direct relationship between sugar and alcohol in beer: More sugar leads to more alcohol. As yeast consumes sugars during fermentation, the resulting alcohol content increases while residual sugars decrease. However, higher-alcohol beers, like double IPAs, may still contain a slight amount of residual sugar to balance the intense bitterness of hops.

Keep in mind that higher alcohol content means more calories, so while IPAs might be lower in sugar, they can still pack a calorie punch.

FAQs About Sugar in IPA Beer

Does IPA beer have sugar?

Yes, but most of the sugar in IPA beer is converted into alcohol during fermentation. The residual sugar content is typically less than 1 gram per 12-ounce serving.

How much sugar is in a 12 oz IPA?

A typical 12-ounce IPA contains less than 1 gram of residual sugar, thanks to the fermentation process that consumes most of the sugars.

Is IPA healthier than regular beer?

In terms of sugar content, IPAs usually have less sugar than regular beers. However, IPAs often contain more alcohol and calories, so balance and moderation are important.

Is there a lot of sugar in beer?

Sugar content in beer varies widely by style. Light beers and IPAs generally have low sugar levels (less than 1 gram per serving), while non-alcoholic beers can contain 10-15 grams of sugar per serving.

Final Thoughts: Sugar in IPA Beer and Beyond

When it comes to sugar content, IPAs offer a lower-sugar option compared to many regular and non-alcoholic beers, making them a good choice for those who enjoy bold flavors but want to avoid excess sugar. Whether you prefer a classic IPA, a hop-heavy DIPA, or a session IPA for easy drinking, understanding the sugar content helps you make informed choices. Cheers to discovering what’s inside your favorite brew!

How much Sugar is in IPAs?

Key Takeaways: How IPA Beer Stacks Up in Sugar Content

IPAs have less than 1 gram of sugar per serving.
Non-alcoholic beers can contain 10-15 grams of sugar.
Light beers generally have less than 1 gram of sugar, but with fewer complex flavors than IPAs.

Articles on the History of Beer

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How Much Sugar is in IPA? A Deep Dive into the Sugar Content of India Pale Ales

B. Kline — Thu, 10 Oct 2024 13:37:59 +0000

How Much Sugar is in IPA? A Deep Dive into the Sugar Content of India Pale Ales

An IPA with hops at a craft brewery’s bar

India Pale Ales (IPAs) are beloved for their bold flavors and adventurous spirit, but many beer drinkers wonder: how much sugar is in an IPA? Whether you’re health-conscious or just curious, understanding the sugar content in your favorite IPA can be eye-opening. Spoiler alert—it’s lower than you might think!

Key Takeaways:

IPAs are low in sugar due to the fermentation process where yeast converts most sugars into alcohol.
Original Gravity (OG) and Final Gravity (FG) are essential in understanding how much sugar remains in the final product.
Despite the sugar-rich wort, IPAs end up with very low residual sugar while maintaining bold, complex flavors.

What is the Sugar Content in IPA Beer?

For anyone counting calories or carbs, knowing the sugar content in your IPA matters. The good news is that most IPAs have very little sugar left by the time they reach your glass. But let’s break down why that is and how it happens.

The Fermentation Process Explained

The brewing process of IPAs starts with four main ingredients: malted grains (like barley), hops, water, and yeast. After malting and mashing the grains, a sugar-rich liquid called wort is created. However, during fermentation, yeast consumes most of these sugars and converts them into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

This is why, despite starting with a sugar-rich wort, the final sugar content in an IPA is minimal. Yeast works hard to convert the majority of the sugars into alcohol, leaving behind very little residual sugar.

Original Gravity (OG) vs. Final Gravity (FG)

Two key measurements in brewing tell us a lot about sugar: Original Gravity (OG) and Final Gravity (FG). OG measures the sugar content before fermentation, and FG measures it after fermentation. The larger the difference between these two, the more sugar was converted into alcohol, meaning lower residual sugar in the beer.

The Types of Sugars in IPAs and How They Differ from Other Beers

Wort going through the brewing process

The sugars in beer primarily come from malt, but not all sugars behave the same way during brewing. The main sugar, maltose, is highly fermentable, which is why most of it gets converted into alcohol. Other sugars, like oligosaccharides, are less fermentable, contributing to the beer’s mouthfeel and sweetness.

While IPAs are known for their hop-forward character, they do have slightly more residual sugars than lighter beers, thanks to the brewing process. However, even double IPAs, which start with a higher sugar content, end up with low residual sugar due to efficient fermentation.

Comparing Sugar Content in IPAs vs. Regular and Light Beers

So how do IPAs stack up against other types of beers? Here’s a breakdown:

Regular Beers: Typically contain moderate amounts of residual sugar, around 10-12 grams of carbs, but with very little sugar remaining after fermentation.
Light Beers: Often crafted to be low in both calories and carbs, light beers have as little as 2-5 grams of carbs, with very low sugar content.
IPAs and Double IPAs: Due to their robust hop and malt profiles, IPAs can have around 15-20 grams of carbs per serving. However, the sugar content remains low, generally less than 1 gram of residual sugar per 12-ounce serving.

Why Some Commercial Beers Have More Sugar

It’s important to note that mass-produced beers sometimes use corn syrup as a fermentable sugar to speed up the brewing process and cut costs. This can increase the sugar content, but it’s a practice more common in commercial brands than craft beers like IPAs, which typically rely on traditional ingredients like malted barley.

FAQs About Sugar in IPA Beer

Does IPA Beer Contain Sugar?

Yes, IPA contains sugar, but most of it is consumed by yeast during fermentation, leaving very little residual sugar in the final beer.

How Many Grams of Sugar Are in a 12 oz IPA?

A typical 12 oz IPA contains less than 1 gram of residual sugar due to the fermentation process.

Is IPA a Healthier Beer Option?

IPAs can be considered healthier in terms of sugar content compared to many other alcoholic beverages. However, they may be higher in calories and alcohol content.

What Beer Has the Lowest Sugar Content?

Light beers tend to have the lowest sugar content, with some containing as little as 0 grams of sugar per serving.

Conclusion: IPAs Offer Bold Flavor, Not Sugar

While IPAs may pack a punch in terms of flavor and hops, they don’t pack a sugary punch. The brewing process, particularly fermentation, ensures that most of the sugars in IPA are converted to alcohol. This makes IPAs a low-sugar beer option, especially when compared to mass-produced commercial beers.

The next time you enjoy a pint, you can do so with the knowledge that your IPA isn’t loaded with sugar—just bold, delicious flavors.

Articles on the History of Beer

Thank You For Reading

If you like this article, please check out our other many articles, including news, beer reviews, travelogues, maps, and much much more. We greatly appreciate everyone visiting the site!

Cheers.

MAPS OF BREWERIES

You can check out our different directories here: Beer Reviews, Hike Reviews, Book Reviews, Brewery News, Brewery Openings, Brewer Interviews, and Travelogues.

The Beer Thrillers on LinkTree can be found here: The Beer Thrillers LinkTree.

If you would like to reach out to us for product reviews, beer reviews, press release writing, and other media – please contact us at thebeerthrillers@gmail.com. Thank you.

Beer Education: Series Overview

BKline — Thu, 28 May 2020 14:30:00 +0000

Well, like I said at the end of Module Ten, I would do a series wrap-up afterwards. If you’ve followed along, and if you have done the program / MOOC as well, we are all done now. It took roughly two months to get it completed, as my first post about the Series was on March 26th and I finished the class and Module Ten on May 26th. So two months from start of the blog about it to the end of the actual module, and another day or so for this final wrap-up. Not bad, and an interesting way to pass the time, especially during this quarantine and lockdown.

Speaking of that, things are progressively re-opening here in Central PA area, as well as in the nation as a whole. We’ll see how that goes, and with fingers crossed, maybe soon we’ll be sharing a pint together at a brewery.

As I said from the beginning of the series, I was doing this class without the certificate, so all of the ‘verified track learner’ pages and assessments were off limits to me. I would love to hear from anyone in the comments section who took the full version of the class, and paid for the certificate and got to see the verified track learner’s content pages. My take on that is this though – the certificate would be NICE to have, and would LOOK good… but, it is ultimately unneeded. The information learned is the real value, and any brewery that you are looking to use this for, will most likely be happy with you having the knowledge over the piece of paper. (Of course, the piece of paper would help a bit more, but I don’t think its a massive jump in ‘helping’ or value.) Brewing, and brewery industry jobs, are kind of still in a medieval sense, or in a ‘wild west’ kind of territory. Most breweries are opened with the owner being the head brewer (for craft breweries in America), and most of them got their start home brewing. So you have a lot of basically self-taught people opening their own businesses who learned by home brewing, not professionally. Now, this isn’t always the case, but it seems to happen frequently enough to bear out the point.

Thats not to take away from getting the certificate. Doing so will be an addition, and will help you in jobs. But so is just taking this class. Just show some proof of doing it, and answer questions and show your knowledge. There is other free (and pay-for) resources and certificates online, getting some of them will help as well.

So lets recap the course a bit. There was ten modules, not counting assessments and all that, there was ten modules with different topics for each. In each module was segments, but lets broadly just look at the modules.

Module One: The History of Beer Brewing
Module Two: Barley and Malting
Module Three: Water
Module Four: Hops and Spices
Module Five: Yeast
Module Six: The Steps of the Brewing Process
Module Seven: Fermentation and Maturation
Module Eight: Filtration and Packaging
Module Nine: Beer Quality and Stability
Module Ten: Beer Assessment and Tasting

In all of the discussion pages, so far, I’ve received two comments / replies back in the actual modules. I will post my comment and the responses here.

First:
My comment: “I find it in interesting in America that especially in the last few years there has been a greater move to go from bottle to can. Likewise from growler to crowler. I actually tend to prefer bottles for the 12oz and 16oz varieties, but prefer crowler (32oz) over the growler (32oz). Can’t exactly place why, perhaps because of a taste difference. Though I’m told by many there is no taste difference, and The Alchemist brewery even says to drink their IPAs from the can rather than from the glass. (I do typically pour into glasses from either can or glass; unless busy grilling or mowing or whatever, then I drink straight from the can or glass.)

Curious what other’s thoughts are on the glass bottle vs. can debate.”

The response:

“By: kr3846

In my opinion cans are the way to go 100% of the time. They are basically mini-kegs. They protect better against light and oxygen way better than crown/ bottles ever could. Which is a good enough reason to deem them the winner out-right. They are lighter weight which cuts down on shipping cost, both as a raw material and as a finished product. This also means they can be packed more cans per truck/ boat which ultimately leads to less consumption of fossil fuels. They are also 1000 times more recyclable than glass. In America, very few if any breweries (if any) are doing glass bottle returns. Plus, with cans you do not have the concerns with breaking glass around swimming pools, patios, backpacking, camping, etc.

I think (in America at least) there is still a stigma about drinking from a can. As if it is ubiquitous with large crappy breweries like AB-InBev. People seem to see drinking from a bottle as the “craft” or “artisanal” option. I wish we would move past this and accept cans as the clearly superior form of packaging they are for all the reasons listed above.

That being said, in the growler/ crowler debate, I think growlers are the way to go for the simple fact that they are re-usable. The single use aspect of crowlers, while convenient, is not very environmentally friendly. I do not have nearly the strong opinions in this debate than I do in the can vs bottle debate.

As for Heady Topper, they say to drink from a can because the beer looks like shit. Or the more “scientific” reason would be to keep the hop compounds contained in the can rather than losing them to the volatility of pouring into a glass.

Cheers!”

Second:
My comment: “Another great module. I have really been enjoying this course! I am learning a lot!

-B. Kline
https://thebeerthrillers.home.blog/“

The response: “By: StijnS (Staff)

Hi Ben,

Thanks for these nice words. We also appreciate that you keep a blog on your progress throughout the MOOC.

Have fun with the last module of the MOOC,

Stijn”

Overall, I really enjoyed the MOOC and the modules were all well done and very informative. The various expert clips were especially interesting and educational. For those, looking to further their beer or brewery knowledge, or looking for something to do (most modules were very quick and not extremely time consuming), or for someone looking for a foot in the door at a brewery or just hoping to better themselves for a brewery position (or one they already have), I would highly recommend this course.

I will be posting more information on possible other classes I do, and others that I’ve done in the past, when I get to the next beer education series, so be on the alert for that. And as we enter June, be ready to see a lot more beer reviews and brewery reviews as places start to open back up.

Until then, please stay safe and healthy, we’re almost there! Cheers!

-B. Kline

Beer Review: $#!+ Ton (Turning Point Beer)

BKline — Thu, 23 Apr 2020 16:38:55 +0000

$#!+ Ton by Turning Point Beer, a barleywine from Bedford, Texas.

Yesterday, I received my Texas beer mail package. It was packed full of goodies from breweries like Turning Point Beer, Martin House, Celestial Beer Works, Panther Brewing, HopFusion Ale Works, etc. Yesterday saw me already dive into three of the beers (the barleywine, the spicey pickle beer, and then the Fur Slipper milk stout to wash that down).

My Texas Beer Mail Package from Spencer. Thanks Spencer!

I came up with a plan during this lockdown to both help local breweries and get to try new breweries that I can’t travel to. So I set up a few ‘local for local’ trades with some guys online (I have a box coming from South Florida shortly). I went around to local breweries – Boneshire Brew Works, Pizza Boy Brewing, Tattered Flag, and Ever Grain Brewing and grab some four-packs, broke them down to make mixed packs to send off. Its a win for everyone. My local breweries get patronage, their local breweries get patronage, and we both get to try beers we most likely never would get to try otherwise. Plus it also gives me some unique beers to review here for the blog which further spreads the word.

So lets check out the first one I tried out.

Beer: $#!+ Ton
Brewery: Turning Point Beer
Style: Barleywine – English
ABV: 11.8%
IBU: None
Untappd Description: Our first English Barley Wine, made entirely with English ingredients.

This beer comes from the Turning Point Beer (brewery) – Bedford Texas. Untappd lists it as a Brew Pub, with 153 unique beers and a global average rating of 4.1 (as of 4.23.20). Their Untappd description reads: “We make cool beers for cool people. 1307 Brown Trail Bedford Texas 76022.” You can find their Untappd page here: Turning Point Beer.

After a long day of ….quarantining … and walking the dog for a long walk, and doing things for three young people under my care, and finishing Module Five (Yeast), I needed this. It was just a barleywine kinda night. Slight chill, almost sunset time, about 7PM…. I’m halfway through my glass when my youngest asks to go for a bike ride. I don’t ride bike, so that meant I had to jog along with her while we did about a mile (+) bike loop. With half of a 11.8% barleywine sloshing around my gut. Do. Not. Recommend.

Anway… onto the actual review.

This poured a lovely caramel brown color, with a very frothy full foamy head. The head is a nice off-white (slightly brown) creamy looking head with great bubbles, varied sizes and disperse. It left nice lacing on the glass. It was a sweet looking brown with a hint of amber, clear, and well carbonated.

Aroma is malty, bready, with a bit of a banana smell. It has a slight sweet odor, but not vanilla. Slight spices smell but all very subtle, the predominant aroma was the malty bready biscuity backbone to this beer with everything else being subdued and subtle.

This was a delicious barleywine, one of my favorite styles. It had a very nice kick, but was very easy drinking, and like a good barleywine. Unlike some (most) barleywines you don’t even take notice of the 11.8% on this bad boy. It is definitely malty, and it has a slight appropriate bitterness to it. You get your dose of ‘English’ ingredients in this that rounds things out nicely. Some spices, some herbal elements. As with the aroma, there is a fine feint hint of banana. Nothing too ripe, but it might be where some of the sweetness comes from. This does go back and forth on being ‘sweet’ to ‘not sweet’ as you drink it down, which is interesting how it bounces back and forth between the two so much. There is a nice breadyness and biscuit flavor profile that goes with the high malt on this, giving it a full thick mouthfeel. Its not cloying, nice mouthfeel but not too heavy, no off flavors, just all around a well made barleywine that is amazingly easy sipper.

My Untappd Rating: ****
Global Untappd Rating: 3.92 (as of 4.23.20)

After this, I ended up meeting up with Drew and finishing part two of our run through of Zelda – A Link to the Past. Once we get the YouTube channel up and running, you’ll be able to see it on there. (Coming shortly). I poured myself a sampler (like half a shot) of the Spicy Pickle Beer, and gave Drew the rest of the pint. It took me some courage to even drink that shot. Not. A. Fan. D. Scott loved his glass of it though. I washed it down with HopFusion’s Fur Slipper (Imperial Milk Stout).

Still working through my online beer course, you can check the series out by starting at the beginning and working your way through it here: Beer Education: The Series. Also, look for a post about the grand opening of Hemauer Brewing, that should probably be posted tomorrow.

Stay safe, take it easy, be kind, and cheers everyone!

-B. Kline

Beer Education: Module Five: Yeast

BKline — Wed, 22 Apr 2020 17:13:36 +0000

Our next module is all about the fun guy (get it?) organisms that poop out alcohol and make our beer – beer. And yes, I know I said no more dad jokes the last time… but I just couldn’t help myself (plus, when I used this joke on my ten year old daughter: “Why does yeast keep getting invited to parties?” “Why?” “Because their such fun guys!” she kept chortling… so, at least its a good joke according to her). ….Anyway, moving on…. This module is all about yeast. Not about bad dad jokes, so lets get to it!

As per typical, our first page of the module is an intro video. Please be aware, above the video is a note saying that this module will take longer than the last two modules, so to provide yourself with enough time for it (and here I thought the hops and spices module was pretty long!). This looks to be a very informative module as they will cover yeast very in-depth (just like they did with the malts, grains, hops, and spices). The intro video discusses the various parts of the upcoming modules, what you will learn, and the two expert clips (one about brewing yeast strains and one about open fermentation). So lets click next and dive into this.

Clicking next we come to the page “what is yeast?” which has another video. But first, they give you a definition and description of yeast:

Yeast is the workhorse in the beer making process. Different yeast species are used to make beer. All yeast species are microbes: they are microscopically small – although not as small as bacteria, and also very different !
EdX:The Science of Beer Brewing (Module Five)

The video is 5 minutes. Their first topic is about the two main types of yeast strains used for beer brewing: Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces pastorianus. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is used for making ale beers and Saccharomyces pastorianus are used for making lager beers. She moves on to discuss open fermentation and how many yeast strains might become used for that, and showcases one particular Belgian strain – Brettanomyces bruxellensis. After this she moves back to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and focuses on this particular strain. She breaks down the science of WHAT is the Saccharomyces cerevisiae, how its a micro-organism, single cell, and eukaryotic. She then goes on to describe the various parts of it, how it buds and reproduces asexually and expands and grows. This is all very important for the beer brewing process. She ends the video discusses briefly flocculation, but don’t worry we will discuss that in much further detail.

For example, on the very next page. Once you click next after that video you are brought to the next page, which is another video, this time fully about flocculation. Flocculation is the aggregation or the sticking together of yeast cells into a clump of cells which is also called a floc. This is an in-depth look at flocculation and is a 6:30 long video. Typically and historically yeast strains have been divided into two categories based on flocculation: top fermenting and bottom fermenting. The importance of flocculation in brewing: collect yeast cells (top fermenting: skim off; bottom fermenting: cropping) and the timing of the flocculation. Other important topics in the video are FLO Genes and Sugars.

Bonus points: If you make it through the video without even breaking a smile every time she says flocculation.

Our next page is about ale and lager yeast strains. First we revisit the Bavarian Beer Purity Law of 1516. It was primarily instituted to prevent bacterial contamination. There is a chart that offers information on both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces pastorianus.

Clicking next we come to an expert clip by Professor Kevin Verstrepen. He is the author of ‘250 Belgian Beers: Tested and Tasted’. The clip is 8:51. He discusses the various ways they breed and make hybrid yeast strains for particular purposes. About the last two minutes of the video is very interesting, where he discusses AI and how the artificial intelligence works with yeast. And how the AI can use sites like BeerAdvocate and others to rate stuff and figure out how people will rate a beer based on the yeast strain used.

Moving on we come to a text page about yeasts in spontaneous fermentation. “Beers such as Lambic and Gueuze (sometimes also spelled Geuze) are NOT made by brewers inoculating the wort with specific yeast strains – instead, these beers are typically made through a process of spontaneous fermentation.” (EdX: The Science of Beer Brewing – Module 5.)

Spontaneous fermentations usually involve a mix of different yeast (and bacterial) species that appear sequentially over time. The exact composition of the microbial population in spontaneous fermentations depends mostly on the beer type and fermentation conditions. Brettanomyces yeast species are for example commonly present during the (later stages of) Lambic fermentation. Lambic beer is a typical spontaneously fermented Belgian beer. Brettanomycescan also be found in fermentations of American coolship ales.
Two of the best known Brettanomyces species in beer brewing are Brettanomyces bruxellensis and Brettanomyces lambicus.
EdX: The Science of Beer Brewing – Module Five – Yeast

If you’ve been following our blog here, you’ll remember back in January J. Doncevic and myself visited Mellow Mink and got to meet – Dr. Sour – brewer Matt Miller himself, and he showed us around the brewery. We discussed lambics, geuzes, sours, and all things relevant therein, particularly the yeasts. For more information on that, check out the two articles: Mellow Mink Brewery Visit and Scarlet Sunrise (Mellow Mink).

Trivia: Did you know – Brettanomyces was originally isolated and described at the Carlsberg Laboratories in 1904; where it was isolated from English beer. Hence the name of the yeast species: Brett – British; Myces – fungus. Interestingly, this isolation resulted in the first patented microorganism in history (UK patent GB190328184). (Part of) the patent reads as follows: “the employment in the manufacture of English beers such as ale, stout and porter, of cultures of the new species of micro-organisms called Brettanomyces in order to produce the flavour and condition peculiar to such beers”.

Scrolling down this text page you’ll find pull tabs to learn more about topics: Hydrolysis of longer chain carbohydrates, Release of volatile aroma compounds by beta-glucosidases, and Typical Brett aromas. This is then followed up by a paragraph on scientists and how they work on hybrid yeast strains, particularly for lambics and Trappist beers.

The next page is an expert clip by Professor Bart Lievens on spontaneous fermentations, primarily dealing with the brewing process of lambics. It is a 5:50 minute clip. He discusses traditional Trappist brewing procedure for lambics, and the process and various yeasts that do the fermenting through the various months while in the casks.

We come to a quick knowledge check (quiz) next. It is five questions (two multiple choice, and three check-box questions).

The next page is a discussion page for homebrewers and craft brewers: “what yeast strains do you use?” My post: “I typically buy my yeast from my LHBS (local homebrew shop) – Scotzin Brothers. I usually get WhiteLab, and depending, but it is typically W34. For a five gallon homebrew batch, I’ve found this typically works best, especially for most styles.” (Succinct and to the point.)

The next page is the yeast experimentation page. This “do it yourself” experiment is all about yeast fermentation. It is a relatively simple and pretty straight forward experiment. The next page going along with it is a discussion page about the experiment.

We are now moving on to yeast handling in a brewery. This is a verified track learner content page. The next page after that is a text page: ‘essential nutrients’. This page begins the discussion of what exactly the yeast are doing.

Next we have a video on the growth on different carbon sources. This is a 10 minute video, and unfortunately the audio seems to be really low on this one, so its a bit hard to hear at times. This is a very informative video with lots of charts and graphs.

After this we have a page on fermentation vs. respiration. This is a heavy science text page with chemical structures and diagrams.

The next page says its “optional reading” about yeast lag phase. I highly recommend doing the reading, there’s also an interview and expert clip from Professor Verstrepen as well.

After this is another quiz, its four questions, multiple choice, check-box, and drop and drag. After the quiz we move onto “intro to yeast” which starts with yeast flavors. Then it moves on to aromas from the yeast as well.

Clicking next, we come to organic acids and (off) flavors produced by yeast. This text page is another chart and science page. (This module is probably the most science based module yet; so far; in this course.)

Next is aldehydes. They can be formed either by Ehrlich pathway or Carbohydrate metabolism. Aldehydes can also be formed by reaction – lipid oxidation or Strecker degradation of amino acids. Aldehydes are generally considered to have a grassy flavor (that most would consider unpleasant).

Higher alcohols, also termed fusel alcohols, are typically formed by the yeast cells from amino acids through the Ehrlich pathway (catabolic route). The figure below gives a schematic overview of the different steps from amino acid to higher alcohol in the Ehrlich pathway. The second figure gives a more detailed overview for specific amino acids and their respective higher alcohols. This page has a very big chemical structure chart.

Moving on, we come to esters. A term most craft beer drinkers know (and all brewers should definitely know). Esters are the biggest group of aroma-active compounds in beer. Esters are formed inside yeast cells via a reaction between acetyl- or acyl-CoA and an alcohol. The first class of esters, formed through condensation of acetyl-CoA and an alcohol, are called acetate esters. The second class of esters, formed through condensation of acyl-CoA and ethanol, are termed fatty acid ethyl esters. Acetate esters diffuse more readily across the plasma membrane and in this way have a bigger impact on the final beer aroma. Following the information is more chemical structure charts and diagrams.

Another term most people know is diacetyl. There is various types of diacetyl. Vicinal diketones is the most common and is most often what people refer to when they speak of diacetyl in general. These are the cause for the unpleasant flavors.

The following page covers sulfur compounds. As the name suggests, this is sulfuric and gives off bad sulfur aroma and flavors… obviously not good for beer (or really anything for that matter). Sulfur compounds are important flavor determinants in beer. Most sulfur compounds derive directly from malt, yeast-produced sulfur compounds arise during the catabolism or anabolism of the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine and cysteine.

Up next is phenolic compounds.

The majority of the precursors for the production of phenolic compounds is derived from cereals and malt. Plant cell walls contain lignin, a complex polymer containing aromatic components. Lignin hydrolysis liberates these aromatic compounds, including phenolic acids.

These phenolic acids can be enzymatically converted by yeast to aroma compounds such as 4-vinylguaiacol (4-VG) and other compounds with a clove-like, medicinal aroma. Further enzymatic reduction results in molecules with a typical spicy, band-aid aroma. Since most Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains lack the enzyme for this final reduction step, the presence of such spicy, band-aid flavors often indicates that Brettanomycesspecies are present in the fermentation. In certain beer styles, such as Lambic, Hefeweizen and wheat beers, these phenolic compounds are desired and help define the beer style. In most other beers, these phenolic compounds are considered a fault and they are hence often called phenolic off-flavors (POF).
EdX: The Science of Beer Brewing Module 5

Two things that affect the phenolic compounds in beer are the factors – yeast strains used / present during fermentation and the level of phenolic acids in the malt.

The next two pages are a quick quiz (a single drop and drag) and a verified track learner page. Following this is a page telling you what materials to gather for the experiment in Module Six. As per usual at the end of the module, the next page is an overview page. Up next is an assessment for verified track learners. On the next page is the feedback page that ends each module. Clicking next brings you to the congratulations page.

Whew! That was a LONG module. But its not over yet if your a verified learner. If you are a verified learner, now is your mid-term that makes up 20% of the grade. If you are going that route – good luck! I’m moving on to Module Six!

Sorry this one took so long. It took me a while with the course, and I’m also fighting the ennui of this whole ordeal. I “should” be writing a blog post a day, but I find myself less and less motivated. And I’m not even working right now. I think some of it is a case of “the busy man gets more done” and some of it is the stress of the unknown of the situation.

I have been working behind the scenes on the blog, so look for some new writers, new styles, new beer reviews, new themes, and new content and channels. Lots of stuff coming in the near future, like a brewery look up for Hemaur Brewing’s Grand Opening On May 1st. So please follow us on here by subscribing, and follow us on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram.

Cheers everyone! Stay safe, stay home, stay drunk!

-B. Kline

Yeast - The Beer Thrillers

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